this chapter tackles on:
Joseph Haydn, Wolgang Amadeus Mozart, Classic Music
= popularity with public became more important (music for everyone from connoisseurs to those with little learning)
= Haydn and Mozart had the most diverse audience and reached audiences best
Haydn (1732-1809)
= at 7, was a choirboy at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna, where he learned singing, harpsichord, violin. He was dismissed at 17 when his voice changed.
= mastered counterpoint from Gradus ad Parnassum by Fux
= 1760: “He married a wigmaker’s daughter, Maria Anna Keller, although he was really in love with her sister Josepha. Josepha, however, became a nun, and his long marriage was unhappy, childless, and marked by extramarital affairs on both sides.”
= 1761: served Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy / the Esterhazy family, the most powerful noble family in Hungary. He composed on demand, presented concerts or operas weekly, assisted in chamber music (chamber music was daily in the prince’s private apartments)
= 1780s: he built the orchestra from around 14 to about 25 players
= 1784: he met Mozart, 24 years younger
= forged an idiom that made him popular
= in later years, he honed the balance of form and expression
= best remembered for his symphonies, string quartets
= died a rich man at 77 in 1809
= Haydn’s Style
= his style was highly individual, forged by experiences to please his patron
= the Esterhaza was isolated, but Haydn kept abreast of current developments in music through a constant stream of distinguished visitors and sojourns in Vienna for 1/2 months each winter
= the main source of his idiom was the galant style (songful melody in short phrases over light accompaniment)
= also important was the learned style of counterpoint, absorbed from Baroque composers and Fux’s Gradus ad Parnassum
= other elements came from styles in opera buffa, hymns, military fanfares, folksongs
= String Quartet in Eb Major, Op. 33, No. 2 (The Joke, 1781)
= rondo form, an example of his mature style, the theme in small rounded binary form
Haydn - Joke
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Mozart (1756-1791)
= achieved his fame as a child prodigy
= thanks to his father’s teaching and many travels, young Mozart became familiar with every kind of music being written/heard in western Europe
= his adult career illustrates the growing tension between 2 ways musicians made money: steady employment with a patron or institution, and freelancing
= Mozart earned his living as a freelance musician in Vienna, with several sources of income
= he sometimes served as his own impresario, putting on concerts at venues such as the Burgtheatre
= his early success were followed bu difficult times, coinciding with a period of considerable economic and political instability in Vienna
= a war with the Turks 1788-90 led to a decline in musical patronage, reducing Mozart’s public appearances as pianist
= as soon as he achieved a salaried position, the emperor went off to wage war against the Ottoman Empire and all chamber concerts at court ceased
= his expenses increased as a result of a growing family, passion for gambling, desire to pursue a lifestyle suitable for an imperial court composer
= the works that immortalized Mozart’s name were composed in Vienna
in every kind of composition, he achieved an extraordinary synthesis of form and content, of the galant and learned styles
= Mozart’s music was enriched by new influences from 3 of the century’s greatest composers: Haydn, J.S. Bach, Handel
= PIANO MUSIC
= Mozart was a virtuoso pianist
= his sonatas, fantasias, variations, rondos, and piano duets (two players at one piano) were written for his pupils, for domestic music-making, and for publication
= while Haydn built themes by varying mall motives or forming a series of contrasting gestures, Mozart’s themes tend to be songlike, perhaps reflecting Italian influence
= CHAMBER MUSIC
= between 1782 and 1785, Mozart wrote 6 quartets (K. 387, 421, 428, 464, 465). he dedicated them to Haydn in gratitude for all that he had learned from him
= SERENADES and DIVERTIMENTOS
= serenades — ever popular in Salzburg — for garden parties or outdoor performances, weddings and birthdays, or concerts at the homes of friends and patrons
= although sometimes intended as background music, they received serious treatment from Mozart
Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night-Music K. 525; 1787)
= PIANO CONCERTOS
= like Bach, Mozart includes a cadenza for the soloist, but his cadenza usually interrupts the final ritornello
= although the concertos were show pieces intended to dazzle an audience, Mozart never allowed display to get the upper hand. he always maintained a balance of musical interest between the orchestral and solo portions
= SYMPHONIES
= usually recognized as his greatest are the Prague Symphony in D Major (1786), and Symphonies in Eb Major, G Minor, C Major (“Jupiter”), all written in the summer of 1788
= OPERAS
= opera was still the most prestigious musical genre, and Mozart sought opportunities to compose them
= La finta semplice (The Pretend Simpleton)
= his first Singspiel, Bastiend und Bastienne
= CHURCH MUSIC
= Mozart’s father worked as a musician for the archbishop of Salzburg and that Mozart himself served there as concertmaster and organist
= Mass in C Minor, Ave verum corpus
= Requiem
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= Classic Music
= by the early 19th century, certain works of Haydn and Mozart especially the late symphonies and some quartets of each
= their music eventually came to be known as classical” which in turn became
= among the composers of their time, only Haydn and Mozart achieved widespread and enduring fame and enduring fame and composed such complex and heterogenous music
= achieve balance between wide and deep appeal
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